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Mengenai  SUBJECT, VERB, COMPLEMENT AND MODIFIER

Di susun oleh :

1.   Endah sri rahayu (22216332)

2.   Rima (29214409)

3.   Sabar wahyudi (26216740)

SUBJECT, VERB, COMPLEMENT AND MODIFIER

SUBJECT

Definition: The subject of a sentence is the noun, pronoun or noun phrase that precedes and governs the main verb. The subject is the part of the sentence that performs an action or which is associated with the action.

Note: Every sentence in English must have a Subject

Example          :

1. Coffee is delicious.
2. Milk contains calcium.

The subject may be a noun phrase. A noun phrase is  a group of words ending with a noun. (it CANNOT begin with a preposition).

In some sentences there is not a true subject. However it  and there can often act as pseudo-subjects and should be considered as subjects

To determine the subject of a sentence, first isolate the verb, and then make a question by placing “who?” or “what?” before it. Having identified the Subject, we can see that the remainder of the sentence tells us what the Subject does or did. We refer to this string as the “predicate” of the sentence.

For example:

1. Who plays the piano?

“David” ( = Subject)

“plays the piano” ( = predicate) tells us what David does.

2. Who interviewed all the witnesses?

“The police” (= Subject)

“interviewed all the witnesses” ( = predicate) tell us what the police did.

Subjects can either be “simple”, “compound” or “complex”

Simple Subject

Composed of a single pronoun, noun or noun phrase. Complex Subject: A complex subject consists of a noun phrase and any words, phrases, or clauses that modify it.

For example:

1.The man who had followed us inside walked over to the telephone.

central noun: man

complex subject: the man who had followed us inside

1. The superior performance of La Traviata pleased the wealthy audience.

central noun: performance

complex subject: the superior performance of La Traviata

Compound Subject

A compound subject consists of two or more noun phrases (and their modifiers if any) joined together with a coordinating conjunction.

For example:

1. The man and the woman walked over to the telephone.

The compound subject here is the whole phrase, “the man and the woman.”

2. Neither the superior performance of La Traviata nor the excellent wine at intermission pleased the wealthy audience.

Again, the whole phrase, “neither the superior performance of La Traviata nor the excellent wine at intermission,” is the subject. The phrase answers the question, “What pleased the wealthy audience?”

VERBS

Verbs are the action words in a sentence that describe what the subject is doing. Along with nouns, verbs are the main part of a sentence or phrase, telling a story about what is taking place. In fact, without a verb, full thoughts can’t be properly conveyed, and even the simplest sentences, such as Maria sings, have one. Actually, a verb can be a sentence by itself, with the subject, in most case you, implied, such as, Sing! and Drive!

When learning the rules of grammar, schoolchildren are often taught that verbs are ‘doing’ words, meaning they signify the part of the sentence which explains the action taking place: He ran away, she eats chocolate cake on Sundays, the horses gallop across the fields. Ran, eats and gallop are the ‘action’ parts of those sentences, thus they are the verbs. However, it can be confusing because not all verbs are easily identifiable as action: I know your name, Jack thought about it, we considered several applications. These are non-action verbs, i.e. those that describe a state of being, emotion, possession, sense or opinion. Other non-action verbs include include love, agree, feel, am, and have.

How to Recognize a Verb

As you can see from the examples above, one clue to help you recognize a verb is its location compared to the subject. Verbs almost always come after a noun or pronoun. These nouns and pronouns are referred to as the subject.  The verb thought comes after the noun Jack, so the action Jack (subject) was taking was thinking (verb).

1.      Mark eats his dinner quickly.

2.      We went to the market.

3.      You write neatly in your notebook.

4.      They thought about all the prizes in the competition.

Here are some other ways to recognize verbs in a sentence:

1.      If you’re not sure if a word is a verb, ask yourself, “Can I do ______?”

Can I think, wonder, walk, yawn? Yes, so these are verbs.

2.      You can also ask, ”What is happening?”

In the sentence Mark eats his dinner quickly, what is happening? Eating is happening, so eating is the verb.

In the sentence They thought about all the prizes what is happening? Thought (thinking) is happening, so thought is the verb.

Physical Verbs – Definition and Examples

Physical verbs are action verbs. They describe specific physical actions. If you can create a motion with your body or use a tool to complete an action, the word you use to describe it is most likely a physical verb. For example, Joe sat in his chair, the dog breathes quickly after she chases her ball, and should we vote in the election? Even when the action isn’t very active, if the action is done by the body or a tool, consider it a physical verb.

Physical Verb Examples

The physical verb examples in the following sentences are in bold for easy identification.

·         Let’s run to the corner and back.

·         I hear the train coming.

·         Call me when you’re finished with class.

Mental Verbs – Definition and Examples

Mental verbs have meanings that are related to concepts such as discovering, understanding, thinking, or planning. In general, a mental verb refers to a cognitive state.

Mental Verb – Definition and Examples

Mental verbs have meanings that are related to concepts such as discovering, understanding, thinking, or planning. In general, a mental verb refers to a cognitive state.

Mental Verb Examples

The mental verb examples in the following sentences are in bold for easy identification.

·         I know the answer.

·         She recognized me from across the room.

·         Do you believe everything people tell you?

States of Being Verbs – Definition and Examples

Also known as linking verbs, state of being verbs describe conditions or situations that exist. State of being verbs are inactive since no action is being performed. These verbs, forms of to be, such as am, is, are, are usually complemented by adjectives.

States of Being Verb Examples

The state of being verbs in the following sentences are in bold for easy identification.

·         I am a student.

·         We are circus performers.

·         Please is quiet.

Types of Verbs

There are many types of verbs. In addition to the main categories of physical verbs, mental verbs, and state of being verbs, there are several other types of verbs. In fact, there are more than ten different types of verbs that are grouped together by function.

List of all Verb Types

Action Verbs

Action verbs express specific actions and are used any time you want to show action or discuss someone doing something.  It’s important to remember that the action does not have to be physical.

Action verb examples:

1.      Run

2.      Dance

3.      Slide

4.      Jump

5.      Think

6.      Do

7.      Go

8.      Stand

9.      Smile

10.  Listen.

The action verb examples in the following sentences are in bold for easy identification.

I run faster than David.

He does it well.

She thinks about poetry all day long

Transitive Verbs
Transitive verbs are action verbs that always express doable activities that relate or affect someone or something else. These other things are generally direct objects, nouns or pronouns that are affected by the verb, though some verbs can also take an indirect object, such as show, take, and make. In a sentence with a transitive verb, someone or something receives the action of the verb.

Transitive verb examples:

1.      Love

2.      Respect

3.      Tolerate

4.      Believe

5.      Maintain.

The transitive verb examples in the following sentences are in bold for easy identification.

Gary ate the cookies.

The transitive verb is ate, Gary is the subject, because it is Gary who is doing the eating, and thecookies are the direct object, because it is the cookies that are being eaten. Other examples:

He kicked John.

John punches him.

They sold the tickets.

Examples of verbs used with both direct and indirect objects:

They sell him the tickets.

In this sentence, the tickets are the direct object while him is the indirect object.

Mary baked her mother a pie.

In this sentence, a pie is the direct object while her mother is the indirect object.

Intransitive Verbs

Intransitive verbs are action verbs that always express doable activities. They are different from transitive verbs because there is no direct object following an intransitive verb.

Intransitive verb examples:

1.      Walk

2.      Laugh

3.      Cough

4.      Play

5.      Run

The intransitive verb examples in the following sentences are in bold for easy identification.

We travelled to London.

The intransitive verb is travelled, the subject is we, because we are doing the travelling, but London is not a direct object because London is not receiving the action of the verb. Other examples:

I sneeze in the morning.

He arrived with moments to spare.

Kathryn sat away from the others.

John eats before leaving for school.

The last example shows that the verb eats can be both transitive and intransitive depending on whether there is a direct object or not. If the sentence read: John eats the cookies before leaving for school, eatswould be transitive as there is a direct object – the cookies.

By the way, some verbs can be both transitive and intransitive. These verbs include: start, leave, change, live, stop.

Auxiliary Verbs

Auxiliary verbs are also known as helping verbs and are used together with a main verb to show the verb’s tense or to form a question or negative. Common examples of auxiliary verbs include have, might, will. These auxiliary verbs give some context to the main verb, for example, letting the reader know when the action took place.

Auxiliary verb examples:

1.      Would

2.      Should

3.      Do

4.      Can

5.      Did

6.      Could

7.      May

The auxiliary verb examples in the following sentences are in bold for easy identification.

I will go home after football practice.

The auxiliary verb will is telling us that the action of the main verb go is going to take place in the future – after football practice has ended. If the auxiliary verb will was removed, we get the sentence:

I go home after football practice.

In this case, there is no definite time frame for the action. The sentence suggests that going home after football practice is just something the subject I generally does. Other examples:

I may dance with you later.

We did consider Bryan’s feelings.

Jenny has spoken her final words.

In addition, we can sometimes use the auxiliary very before the pronoun to make a question:

Might you dance with me later?

Did we consider Bryan’s feelings?

Has Jenny spoken her final words?

Also, auxiliary verbs are used to help form negative statements, with the use of words like not and never. These will usually split the auxiliary and main verbs:

I may never dance with you again.

We did not consider Bryan’s feelings.

Jenny has not spoken her final words.

Stative Verbs

Stative verbs can be recognized because they express a state rather than an action. They typically relate to thoughts, emotions, relationships, senses, states of being, and measurements. The best way to think about stative verbs is that they are verbs that describe things that are not actions. The stative verbs are all expressing a state: A state of doubting, a state of believing, a state of wanting. These states of being are often temporary.

The stative verb examples in the following sentences are in bold for easy identification.

The doctor disagrees with your analysis.

Disagree is a stative verb here, as it describes the doctor’s state of being – disagreement.

John doubts the doctor’s opinion.

I believe the doctor is right.

She wanted another opinion.

Modal Verbs

Modal verbs are auxiliary verbs that are used to express abilities, possibilities, permissions, and obligations.

Modal verb examples:

1.      Can

2.      Must

3.      May

4.      Should

5.      Would

The modal verb examples in the following sentences are in bold for easy identification.

He can shoot a three-point shot easily.

The auxiliary verb can is expressing an ability, suggesting that shooting a three-point shot is a skill the subject possesses.

Please note that in the case of should and must in the examples below, the modal verbs are expressing obligations, whereas would and may are expressing possibilities.

I should go home.

You must not delay.

Sally would not recommend the sushi.

David may be late.

Phrasal Verbs

Phrasal verbs aren’t single words; instead, they are combinations of words that are used together to take on a different meaning to that of the original verb. There are many examples of phrasal verbs, some of which have colloquial meanings, such as make up, hand in, bring up, point out, look forward to. Each time the verb takes the extra word(s) it takes on a new meaning. For example, make without the up expresses that something is being created, whereas with make up, the suggestion is that there are some lies or a fantastical element to the story and make out can mean either to grasp or see something difficult, or to kiss passionately.

Phrasal verb examples:

1.      Run out

2.      Go all out

3.      Make out

4.      Hand out

5.      Bring out

6.      Face up

7.      Think through

The phrasal verb examples in the following sentences are in bold for easy identification.

Mary looked forward to her high school reunion.

The verb looked has taken on forward to to become a phrasal verb meaning to be excited about or eagerly await something.

He brought up the same points again and again.

Leroy handed in the wallet to the police.

I make up stories all the time.

She pointed out Donald’s mistake.

Irregular Verbs

Irregular verbs are those that don’t take on the regular spelling patterns of past simple and past participle verbs. Unfortunately, there are hundreds of irregular verbs in the English language. But don’t worry, while many are used often, the majority are not in common usage – or if they are, you will use them so often you will learn them quickly. Some of the most common irregular verbs include: say, make, go, take, come, know and see.

Irregular verb examples:

1.      Eat

2.      Think 

3.      Bring

4.      Hold

5.      Bear

6.      Buy

7.      Lay

8.      Catch

9.      Drive

10.  Paid

11.  Feel

12.  Redo

The irregular verb examples in the following sentences are in bold for easy identification.

I take my time when I go to the shops (present tense)

I took my time when I went to the shops (past tense)

Julie makes cake for the classroom (present tense)

Julie made a cake for the classroom (past tense)

She sees a silhouette shaped like a man in the window (present tense)

She saw a silhouette shaped like a man in the window (past tense)

We come to Aunt Jane’s for Thanksgiving each year (present tense)

We came to Aunt Jane’s for Thanksgiving each year (past tense).

You should also remember that auxiliary verbs ‘do’ and ‘have’ are also irregular verbs:

I do agree.

He does it often.

We have done our homework early.

They do their homework on Fridays.

I have a suspicion about Fran

Fran has a devious look.

We have no money left.

They have had a cough twice this winter.

COMPLEMENT

Complement can often be confused with the Object. While the Subject and Object of a clause, in the vast majority of cases, refer to different entities, the Complement gives more information about either the Subject or the Object. As with the Subject and Object elements, there is only one grouping or phrase which is considered to be the Complement of a clause.

The Subject Complement, Let’s begin by looking at some pairs of sentences where this information centres on the Subject.

1. Bill hit Harry.
2. Bill is a policeman.
3. The camel carried the load.
4. The camel smells awful.
5. A car hit the lamp post.
6. A car was what she wanted for her birthday.

So, in the preceding examples the first sentence of each pair contains an Object – Harry, the load, the lamp post. These are clearly not the same entities as the Subjects of the sentences. However, the same cannot be said for the second sentence of each pair where there is a strong connection between the Subjects and the phrases a policeman, awful and what she wanted for her birthday. These phrases act to identify the Subject more precisely. These are known as Complements; more specifically they are subject complements because they define the Subjects of the clauses, in this case Bill, the camel and a car.

In most sentences where the Complement defines the Subject, you will find a particular type of verb being used. The most usual is the verb be and its forms (e.g. am, are, was, have been) followed by a noun phrase or an adjective phrase, often as a single word. In the instances above, a policeman is a noun phrase and awful is an adjective phrase. Other examples are:

Noun phrase as Subject Complement:

1. He is the father of three.
2. Time is the great healer.
3. Those animals were very rare Siberian tigers.
4. Adjective phrase as Subject Complement:
5. The weather is hot.
6. All the passengers were Russian.
7. The little cottage was nice and cosy.

In all of these cases, the phrases after is, was and were define the Subject. You should notice that, although two of the Complements in the first set of examples contain adjectives (great, very rare Siberian), these are still treated as noun phrases because the main words in the groups are themselves nouns (healer, tigers).

Earlier I commented that a particular type of verb is often used in clauses with a subject Complement and that verb is usually be. However, there is a small number of other verbs either closely connected with be or to do with sensing that frequently occur in this type of clause. A short list with examples might include:

Be type: seem, appear, become, turn out, grow, remain

1. The sky seems clearer today.
2. He turned out to be a bad influence.
3. His client became more and more angry.
4. Sense type: look, sound, feel, taste, smell (all followed by like with a noun)
5. Her voice sounds lovely.
6. That sounds like heaven.
7. The tea tastes foul.

There is still one type of subject Complement that we haven’t looked at yet – this is the subordinate clause. The example from the original sentences is:

A car was what she wanted for her birthday.

Here a car is the Subject, the Verb is was and the Complement defining the Subject is what she wanted for her birthday, which is a clause since it has its own Subject (she) and Verb (wanted). Other examples of clauses used as subject Complements are:

Justice is what we’re looking for.

1. The first thing I did was open all the windows.
2. The remaining problem is where to find the money.

The Object Complement

In all the instances in the previous section the Complement gave additional information about the Subject of the clause. Additional information can similarly be given about the Object. Look at the examples below:

1. The accusation made me livid.
2. The whole town wanted the outlaw dead.
3. The board has made him manager.

Here, the phrases in bold are giving extra information about the Objects of the clauses which are him, me, the outlaw, him, it. The object Complement usually follows the Object of the clause as in all the examples above and the choice of verb is not so restricted as it is with the subject Complement clauses.

MODIFIER

Tells the time, place or manner of the action. Very often it’s a prepositional phrase. Prepotional phrase is a group of words that begins with a preposition and ends with a noun.

Note : A modifier of time usually comes last if more than one modifier is present.

Example of prepositional phrases :

In the morning, at university, on the table

A modifier can also be an adverb or an adverbial phrase :

Last night, hurriedly, next year, outdoors, yesterday

Example :

1. John bought a book at the bookstore

(modifier place)

2. Jill was swimming in the pool yesterday

(modifier of place)(modifier of time)

Note:

The modifier normally follows the complement, but not always. However, the modifier, especially when it’s a prepositional phrase, usually can’t separate the verb and the complement.

Tentukan apakah kata/frasa/klausa yang digaris bawah merupakan subject, verb, atau object complement.

1. We both hate waiting.

Ø  subject complement

Ø  verb complement

Ø  object complement

2. This is mine; That is yours.

Ø  subject complement

Ø  verb complement

Ø  object complement

3. My friend lent me two hundred dollars.

Ø  subject complement

Ø  verb complement

Ø  object complement

4. I call him daddy.

Ø  subject complement

Ø  verb complement

Ø  object complement

5. The forcaster weather predicted that it would be windy this morning.

Ø  subject complement

Ø  verb complement

Ø  object complement

6. He seems frustrated after the examination.

Ø  subject complement

Ø  verb complement

Ø  object complement

7. Will you help me to get my money back?

Ø  subject complement

Ø  verb complement

Ø  object complement

8. What I’m going to do is to apply for the position.

Ø  subject complement

Ø  verb complement

Ø  object complement

9. My brother has decided to stop smoking and to start jogging.

Ø  subject complement

Ø  verb complement

Ø  object complement

10. What can I do to make to make you happy?

Ø  subject complement

Ø  verb complement

Ø  object complement

Answer

1. verb complement | Direct object berupa gerund.
2. subject complement | Yours (predicative noun) menerangkan this (subject) dengan dihubungkan oleh is (linking verb “be”).
3. verb complement | Two hundred dollars (indirect object) dan me (direct object) sama-sama merupakan verb complement.
4. object complement | Object complement berupa noun.
5. verb complement | Direct object berupa noun clause.
6. subject complement | Frustrated (predicative adjective) menerangkan he (subject) dengan dihubungkan oleh seem (linking verb “verb of sense”).
7. verb complement | Direct object berupa noun (phrase).
8. subject complement | Subject complement berupa infinitive phrase.
9. verb complement I Direct pbject berupa noun (phrase).
10. object complement | Object complement menerangkan “you”.

Source :

Sihombing, Binsar. English Grammar Comprehension. Jakarta : Grasindo  (link)

http://www.grammar-quizzes.com/sent-subjpred.html

http://www.grammarly.com/handbook/sentences/modifiers/2/what-are-modifiers/

https://www.google.com/amp/s/riozatayuu.wordpress.com/2017/03/20/subject-verb-complement-and-modifier/amp/

http://grammar.about.com/od/basicsentencegrammar/a/basicstructures.htm

http://grammar-monster.com/lessons/verbs.htm

http://grammar-monster.com/glossary/complement.htm

http://www.grammar-monster.com/glossary/modifiers_modify.htm